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Caring for Black Women Seeking Fertility Treatment: Challenges, Stigma, and Hope
As we celebrate Black History Month, we wanted to address unique challenges for our Black women experiencing infertility. Infertility is a deeply personal and often painful journey, affecting millions of people worldwide. However, we recognize Black women have unique challenges in their fertility journey—medical, societal, and cultural.
Caring for Black Women Seeking Fertility Treatment: Challenges, Stigma, and Hope
Date: February 20, 2025
Author:
Gloria Richard-Davis, MD, MBA, MSCP, FACOG1.2, Lasha Clarke, PhD, MPH1, Benjamin Harris, MD,MPH, FACOG3, Teru Jellerette-Nolan, PhD4, Michael Thomas, MD, FACOG5
1Morehouse School of Medicine, 2Virginia Mason-Franciscan Health/ Common Spirit Health, 3Shady Groove Fertility-Jones Institute, Macon and Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 4Ferring Pharmaceuticals, and 5University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
As we celebrate Black History Month, we wanted to address unique challenges for our Black women experiencing infertility. Infertility is a deeply personal and often painful journey, affecting millions of people worldwide. However, we recognize Black women have unique challenges in their fertility journey—medical, societal, and cultural. Black women experience infertility at higher rates (~2X) that of White women, yet they are significantly less likely to seek or receive timely referral or treatment.(1) The reasons behind this disparity are multifaceted, and are rooted in systemic inequity, historical medical bias, financial barriers, cultural stigma, inadequate reproductive health education, and lack of representation in reproductive health providers. To meaningfully address these gaps, we must move toward structural solutions that center reproductive justice, equitable access to care, and patient-centered support.
Understanding the Disparity
Research has shown that Black women are almost twice as likely to experience infertility compared to White women. (1,3) Conditions such as uterine fibroids, endometriosis, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)—all of which can contribute to infertility—are more prevalent among Black women. Yet, they are often diagnosed later in the disease progression, leading to reduced treatment options and lower success rates. Even when Black women do initiate fertility treatment, they are more likely to discontinue care early—often due to financial strain, lack of culturally responsive care, feeling unwelcome or out of place in fertility clinics, and the emotional toll of navigating a system where they are underrepresented and unheard. (1-4)
Several factors contribute to these disparities:
- Medical Bias and Misinformation: Studies have documented racial biases in healthcare, including dismissing Black women’s pain or concerns. This often leads to delayed diagnoses and inadequate treatment for conditions affecting fertility.
- Financial Barriers: Fertility treatments like in vitro fertilization (IVF) are expensive, and many employers’ insurance plans do not cover them. Since Black women face economic disparities in income and access to employer-covered healthcare, they are less likely to afford fertility treatments. Though in a qualitative survey of 220 women in Atlanta actively pursuing fertility treatment, the average income was $110K, solidly middle to upper income.(3)
- Cultural and Religious Stigma: In many Black communities, there is a strong cultural emphasis on motherhood, and infertility is sometimes viewed as a personal or spiritual failing. The stigma surrounding infertility can lead to feelings of shame, isolation, and reluctance to seek medical help.
- Lack of Representation in Research and Treatment: Most fertility research and treatments options have been developed with data from White patients, leading to a lack of tailored approaches for Black women. Additionally, Black women are underrepresented in fertility clinics and awareness campaigns, making it difficult to find culturally affirming care and support.(1,3)
The Emotional and Psychological Toll
The experience of infertility can take a significant emotional toll. Feelings of inadequacy, guilt, anxiety, and depression are common, yet Black women are less likely to seek or be offered mental health support due to cultural stigma and the “strong Black woman” trope. Many feel pressured to endure their struggles in silence, which can further exacerbate emotional distress.
Breaking the Silence: Seeking Solutions and Support
While the challenges are real, there are growing efforts to break the silence around Black women and infertility. Advocacy groups, reproductive justice organizations, equity-focused researchers and providers, and social media movements are working to destigmatize infertility and provide resources for Black women navigating this journey.
Steps Toward Change:
- Increasing Awareness and Education: More discussions in Black communities about reproductive health and infertility can help dismantle misconceptions and encourage early intervention.
- Advocating for Medical Equity: Pushing for more research on Black women’s reproductive health and training medical professionals to address racial biases in fertility treatment.
- Financial Assistance and Policy Changes: Expanding insurance coverage for fertility treatments and supporting organizations that provide grants and financial aid for Black women seeking fertility care.
- Mental Health Support: Encouraging open conversations about the emotional impact of infertility and increasing access to culturally competent therapy and support groups.
Hope for the Future
Despite the challenges, many Black women have successfully built families through fertility treatments, adoption, surrogacy, and other paths to parenthood. Representation is slowly increasing, with more Black fertility specialists, doulas, and advocates working to ensure better outcomes for future generations.
Infertility does not define a woman’s worth, nor does it have to be a journey taken in isolation. By addressing disparities, fostering support, and advocating for equitable care, Black women can navigate infertility with greater resources, understanding, and hope.
Training a workforce that is culturally sensitive with skills to provide culturally aligned care will help to reduce Black women’s sense of isolation and feeling “unheard”. A Ferring supported research study on the lived experience of Black women, conducted by Morehouse School of Medicine Center for Maternal Health Research Director Dr. Lasha Clarke, informed the development of education modules on “Fertility Equity”. The modules, which champion equity in fertility care for Black women through interactive education, provide tools and actions for all clinic staff to reduce barriers, center the patients’ experience, and create an inclusive culture in fertility practices/centers.(3)
Resources for Support:
- Fertility Equity™ Modules – interactive modules for fertility teams to champion more equitable care. (https://resources.engagedmd.com/fertility-equity)
- The Broken Brown Egg – A nonprofit organization focused on reproductive education for Black women
- Fertility for Colored Girls – A support network offering guidance and financial assistance
- The National Infertility Association (RESOLVE) – Provides resources and advocacy for all women facing infertility
- Cade Foundation – A nonprofit that serves the needs of families battling infertility through education and financial support
References:
- Richard-Davis, G, Morris J. No longer separate but not close to equal: navigating inclusivity in a burgeoning field build on injustice. Fert Ster. 2022 Dec 13; S0015-0282(22)02040-4.
- Richard-Davis, G, Plowden, T, Asafu-Adjei, D., Diversity ASRM Commitment to Advancing Diversity, Equity and Inclusion in Reproductive Medicine, AUANews 9Apr 2024.
- Clarke, L, Morgan, I, Jellerette-Nolan, T, Charles, D Suarez, A, Patton, D, Jackson-Bey, T, Harris, B, Hernandez-Green, H, Richard-Davis, G. Advancing Fertility Equity: Uplifting Black Women’s Voices To Design Culturally Responsive Support Solutions. P-24.
- Disparities in access to effective treatment for infertility in the United States: an Ethics Committee opinion The Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Volume 116, Issue 1p54-63July 2021
Contact author: Gloria Richard-Davis, MD, MBA, FACOG, Morehouse School of Medicine, gricharddavis@msm.edu
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Fertility and Sterility On Air - TOC: September 2024
Explore IVF in uterine transplants, C-section timing in FET, biomarkers for ectopic pregnancy, sunscreen chemicals on fertility, and FET vs. fresh embryo in donor eggs.
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ASRM Research Institute Announces the Addition of the SREI Young Investigator Award!
ASRM Research Institute adds SREI Young Investigator Award to FY25 Grant Cycle. Apply by Dec 2, 2024, to present at 2025 PCRS meeting.
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Raymond Manohar Anchan, MD, PhD
Raymond Manohar Anchan, MD, PhD, 61, passed away on October 9, 2024. A devoted husband and physician, he inspired many through love and dedication.
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ASRM Today: Equity, Access, and Innovation, Episode Nine: Reflections
Explore equity, access, and innovation in reproductive medicine through ASRM Today's journey this season, blending personal, political, and cultural insights.
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Dr. Elizabeth Ginsburg Sworn In as President of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine
Dr. Elizabeth Ginsburg inaugurated as ASRM President, with new Vice President Amy Sparks and diverse board members leading reproductive medicine initiatives.
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ASRM 2024 Prize Papers and Prize Posters
ASRM would like to extend congratulations to the following ASRM 2024 Prize Paper and Prize Poster Winners!
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ASRM Launches its Clinical Embryology Learning Laboratory program in Collaboration with SRBT, with the Support of CooperSurgical, Inc.
ASRM launches the Clinical Embryology Learning Laboratory program with SRBT and CooperSurgical, offering advanced training for embryologists. Enrollment opens July 2025.
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Fertility and Sterility On Air - Unplugged: October 2024
Topics include: mechanical contractions and fibroid progression, endometriosis classification and risk of infertility, fertility coverage for military personnel and more.
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ASRM Congress & Expo is Underway
The ASRM Congress & Expo is underway in Denver through Wednesday, October 23.
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ASRM Today: Equity, Access, and Innovation, Episode Eight: ASRM 2024 Preview Part Two
Explore key sessions at ASRM 2024, including mental health in fertility care, male infertility research, and equitable contraceptive access. Join the discussions in Denver.
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ASRM Releases Congressional Scorecard
Discover ASRM's first Congressional scorecard, detailing positions of the 118th Congress on key reproductive legislation to guide ASRM members in elections.
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ASRM Launches National Campaign in Support of Reproductive Rights Ballot Measures
ASRM launches a national campaign supporting reproductive rights ballot measures in 10 states with ads, endorsements, and voter engagement efforts.
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ASRM Today: Equity, Access, and Innovation, Episode Seven: ASRM 2024 Preview Part One
Preview the ASRM 2024 Congress with insights on postgraduate courses covering fertility education, innovation, and increasing access to reproductive care.
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Journal Club Global en Español: De la Reunión de la SAMER 2024
Onsite de la Reunión de la Sociedad Argentina de Medicina Reproductiva (SAMER) de Córdoba, Argentina
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ASRM Today: Equity, Access, and Innovation, Episode Six: Patient Education
This episode explores the importance of inclusive, plain-language patient education, helping patients understand diagnoses and treatment options.
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ASRM Announces FY25 Patient Advocacy Grant Awardees
Congratulations to the Newest Grant Recipients!
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Fertility Care Gets Important Win in California
ASRM celebrates California's SB 729, expanding IVF coverage for same-sex couples and singles, advancing equitable fertility care access.
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ASRM Honors Outstanding Members with Prestigious Awards
ASRM honors awardees at the ASRM Scientific Congress through endowed awards chosen via an organization-wide nomination process.
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ASRM Today: Equity, Access, and Innovation, Episode Five: Policy Matters
This episode covers ballot measures on reproductive rights, ASRM advocacy efforts, and Vot-ER’s push for civic engagement among healthcare workers ahead of elections.
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Advocacy in Action: September 2024
A summary of federal and state legislation, and highlighting advocacy and outreach efforts of our members.
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ASRM on Increased Availability of Fertility Coverage for Federal Employees
We are pleased with the news shared by OPM today showing more carriers will be providing infertility benefits to federal employees in the coming year.
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ASRM Star Award
ASRM Star Awards honor members who dedicate time and service, shaping ASRM into the leading society for reproductive medicine.
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John T. Queenan, MD
John T. Queenan, MD, died at the age of 91 on September 21, 2024. He was most widely recognized as a pioneer in the treatment of Rh disease.
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September: What's New from the Fertility and Sterility Family of Journals
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ASRM Member Spotlight: Amber Kaplun, MS, CGC
Meet Amber Kaplun, MS, CGC, is a board-certified genetic counselor with just under a decade’s experience in reproductive genetics.
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Fertility and Sterility On Air - Unplugged: September 2024
Topics include: radiofrequency ablation of fibroids, testing embryos to reduce diabetes risk, preeclampsia risk with abnormal semen analysis, and more.
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ASRM Today: Equity, Access, and Innovation, Episode Four: Gattaca
Explore Gattaca’s dystopian vision of genetic engineering, equity, and ethics in this insightful ASRM podcast episode, featuring film expert Dr. Joseph Watson.
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ASRM and National Voter Registration Day: Let’s Get #VoteReady!
Join ASRM in recognizing National Voter Registration Day! Verify your voter registration today to ensure a seamless voting experience this November.
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Nation’s Leading Professional Group for Fertility Care Professionals Calls for Passage of Right to IVF Act
ASRM applauds Majority Leader Schumer’s decision to seek reconsideration of the Right to IVF Act.
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Fertility and Sterility On Air - TOC: August 2024
Stay informed with Fertility and Sterility On Air, discussing the latest research on reproductive medicine, obesity, Turner syndrome, and cutting-edge fertility treatments.
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ASRM Today: Equity, Access, and Innovation, Episode Three: Innovation
Explore innovation in reproductive health with ASRM Today. Discover how AI, robotics, and new technologies are transforming fertility care and improving patient outcomes.
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Journal Club Global: SREI Fellows Retreat - Fellows vs Faculty Debate: Luteal Support in Programmed FET Cycles
Fertility and Sterility Journal Club debate on progesterone administration in frozen embryo transfers, featuring faculty vs fellows discussing IM vs vaginal routes.
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Fertility and Sterility On Air - Live from ESHRE 2024: Part 1
Discover the impact of embryo expansion post-biopsy and freezing time standardization on live births in this episode from ESHRE 2024.
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Fertility and Sterility On Air - Live from ESHRE 2024: Part 2
Explore fresh embryo transfers, progesterone elevation, and day-seven embryo utility from experts at ESHRE 2024. Cutting-edge fertility insights await!
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ASRM Today: Equity, Access, and Innovation, Episode Two: Access
Today on the show, part two of our series on equity, access, and innovation, and what that means to reproductive medicine.
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Fertility and Sterility On Air - ANZSREI 2024 Journal Club Global: "Should Unexplained infertility Go Straight to IVF?"
Join "Fertility and Sterility On Air" for insights from the ANXSREI conference on unexplained infertility, IVF, and expert debates. Listen now at ASRM.org.
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Trump Calls for IVF Coverage, California Legislature Sends IVF Mandate Bill to Governor
The California General Assembly approved a bill mandating most private health insurance plans to provide coverage for In Vitro Fertilization (IVF).
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ASRM Today: Equity, Access, and Innovation, Episode One: Equity
We're joined by renowned experts Dr. Paula Amato and Dr. Jennifer Kawwass to discuss their perspectives on equity and explore the barriers that currently exist.
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The SREI and SMRU Fellows Symposia: A Look Back
On August 21 - 24, 2024, REI and Andrology Fellows convened in Park City, Utah, to gain valuable insights, learn from leaders in the field, and network with other fellows.
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ASRM Member Spotlight: Anthony M. Imudia, MD
Meet Anthony N. Imudia, MD, a board certified OB/GYN and REI specialist who earned his undergraduate and medical school degree from Latina University in Panama City, Panama.
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Journal Club Global from ANZSREI 2024: Debate Unexplained infertility; Straight to IVF?
ANZSREI 2024 debate: Should unexplained infertility go straight to IVF? Experts discuss pros, cons, and alternative treatments. No clear consensus reached.
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Journal Club Global: Falha de implantação: realidade ou ilusão estatística?
Fertility and Sterility Global Journal Club from Brazil
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ARM & NPG National Meeting
The ARM & NPG National Meeting is a unique opportunity for fertility clinic managers, nurses, and advanced practice providers to cross-collaborate, network, and learn in an intimate setting.
Topic Resources
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SIG Spotlight: HD SIG
The ASRM HDSIG was formed to address reproductive health needs of different racial and ethnic populations and to reduce disparities in reproductive health and pregnancy outcomes in underrepresented populations. Learn more about this special interest group!
ASRM Today: Industry Sponsored Episode: Importance of Equity in Fertility Care & FertilityEquity™ Module Launch
ASRM Today podcast discusses challenges in fertility care access for Black women, launching an e-learning module to address equity and support in reproductive healthcare. Listen to the Episode
ASRM Today: Equity, Access, and Innovation, Episode Nine: Reflections
Explore equity, access, and innovation in reproductive medicine through ASRM Today's journey this season, blending personal, political, and cultural insights. Listen to the Episode
ASRM Today: Equity, Access, and Innovation, Episode Four: Gattaca
Explore Gattaca’s dystopian vision of genetic engineering, equity, and ethics in this insightful ASRM podcast episode, featuring film expert Dr. Joseph Watson. Listen to the Episode
ASRM Today: Equity, Access, and Innovation, Episode Three: Innovation
Explore innovation in reproductive health with ASRM Today. Discover how AI, robotics, and new technologies are transforming fertility care and improving patient outcomes. Listen to the Episode
ASRM Today: Equity, Access, and Innovation, Episode Two: Access
Today on the show, part two of our series on equity, access, and innovation, and what that means to reproductive medicine. Listen to the Episode
ASRM Today: Equity, Access, and Innovation, Episode One: Equity
We're joined by renowned experts Dr. Paula Amato and Dr. Jennifer Kawwass to discuss their perspectives on equity and explore the barriers that currently exist. Listen to the Episode
Disparities in access to effective treatment for infertility in the United States: an Ethics Committee opinion (2021)
In the United States, economic, racial, ethnic, geographic, and other disparities prevent access to fertility treatment and affect treatment outcomes. View the Committee Opinion
DEI Recommendations
ASRM is passionately committed to promoting diversity within both our membership and leadership, as well as to promoting access to quality reproductive care for all patients. View the DEI Committee Recommendation